Evolution Archive

cryptodicyclic see pseudomonocyclic ArthroInsecta

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 22:32:22 GMT

cryptodont shell MOLL Bivalvia In some groups of early origin, refers to lack of hinge teeth. see ctenodont shell. cryptogastra a. Gr. kryptos, hidden gaster, stomach Having the venter or belly covered or concealed. see gymnogas-tra. cryptogene a. Gr. kryptos, hidden genos, beginning Of unknown descent. cryptogram n. Gr. kryptos, hidden gramma, written character Method that expresses in a standard code form a collection of data used in classification. cryptogyne n. Gr. kryptos, hidden gyne,...

Gerald Conlogue ConventionalRadiography

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 19:14:11 GMT

This book is further dedicated to those many individuals who have helped me to develop not only my endoscopic skills but also those who have enhanced my understanding of pathophysiology among the living. LeRoy Johansen, Steven McPherson, Bud Spearman, Robert Kaczmarek, Dean Hess, and Harold McAlpine, who collectively showed me how to be a respiratory therapist, to never be satisaed with the status quo, and provided a model to follow in research and scholarly work. To Drs. William Ludt and...

31 European Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis Complex RelictSpecies

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 12:45:07 GMT

Emys orbicularis Linnaeus, 1758 is a polytypic species composed of a number of morphologically defined subspecies Fritz 1996 . IIa IIb IIc IId IIf 4IIg Jf IIh IIIa IIIb o IVa n IVb IVc IVd IVe 0 IVf n IVg IVh Va Vb Vc VIa VIb VIc VId VIe VIIa t VIIb VIIIa Fig. 1 Geographical distribution of Emys haplotypes only natural populations . Some rare haplotypes are not shown. Note that only haplotypes of groups I and II occur naturally North of the Alps We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene...

112 Darwins perspective on life processes LifeHistory

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 10:41:16 GMT

The paradigmatic change from a traditional static view into an evolutionary dynamic concept in the beginning of the second half of the penultimate century resulted in the recognition that humans are an integrated part of a historical process. The so-called Darwinian Revolution,'' triggered by Darwin's masterpiece from 1859, remained in the following decades in a long-lasting state of confusion. As Bowler 1988 demonstrates in his historiography The Non-Darwinian Revolution, there were...

References 1 EarlyCretaceous

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 07:51:01 GMT

1. D. Badamgarav, Yo. Khand and R. Barsbold, In H. Okada and N.J. Mateer eds. , The Cretaceous System in East and South Asia, IGCP 350 Newsletter Special Issue, Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, 2 1995 17. 2. P. Khosbayar, Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Western Mongolia and Geological Evolution of this Region. Unpublished Autoreview, Moscow, 1972. in Russian 3. V.F. Shuvalov, In G.G. Martinson ed. , Limnobios of Ancient Lacustrine Basins in Eurasia. Leningrad, 1980 91. 4. C.P. Berkey and F.K. Morris, Geology of...

References Hhh ImpactStructures

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 04:42:48 GMT

Aassoumi H, Broutin J, El Wartiti FP, Koeniguer J, Quesada C, Simancas F, Toutin-Morin N 1992 Pedological nodules with cone in cone structure in the Permian of Sierra Morena Spain and central Morocco. Carbonates and Evaporites 7 140-149 Albat HM, Mayer JJ 1990 Shatter cones in Vredefort rocks - imagination or reality South African Journal of Geology 93 547-548 Amstutz GC 1965 A morphological comparison of diagenetic cone-in-cone structures and shatter cones. Annals of the New York Academy of...

The Regulatory Demands of Development RegulatoryElements

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 03:57:43 GMT

Development is the execution of the genetic program for construction of a given species of organism. The program itself is our concern, and those aspects of its execution that regulate its own readout from the DNA. The most cursory consideration of the developmental process produces the realization that the program must have remarkable capacities, for development imposes extreme regulatory demands. Of the thousands of genes indicated in the diagram of Fig. 1.2, most are utilized at some time...

212 Lithosphere And Asthenosphere ContinentalCrust

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 03:51:18 GMT

It has long been recognized that for large-scale structures to attain isostatic equilibrium, the outermost shell of the Earth must be underlain by a weak layer Figure 2.35 Section from San Francisco, California to Lamar, Colorado based on seismic refraction data redrawn from Pakiser, 1963, by permission of the American Geophysical Union. Copyright 1963 American Geophysical Union . Figure 2.35 Section from San Francisco, California to Lamar, Colorado based on seismic refraction data redrawn from...

Mlt 41 39 38 37 35 33 1 ElectricFields

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 03:45:36 GMT

Fig. 4 Left Electric field spectrogram measured by RPI showing an upper hybrid resonance UHR band. The red line is the electron gyrofrequency determined from the Tsyganenko and Stern 1996 model. The gray strips indicate frequencies and times when no passive data were measured from RPI. The IMAGE orbit configuration is displayed on the upper right corner. Right Electron densities derived from the lower frequency cutoff of the UHR band along the IMAGE orbit. The dashed line represents electron...

Establishing the Primary Axes of Fruit Fly Embryos HomeoticGenes

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 01:22:53 GMT

In 1995, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus, and Ed Lewis shared the Nobel Prize in medicine in recognition of their visionary genetic analysis of embryonic development in the fruit fly. This chapter focuses on the impact of their genetic experiments and the subsequent detailed analyses conducted in many other laboratories. Discoveries made in the course of these studies revealed the fundamental mechanisms by which the primary body axes are established during early embryonic...

Homeotic Genes Determine Segment Identity HomeoticGenes

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 20:24:39 GMT

There are 11 homeotic genes that determine the identities of different body segments along the A P axis and 2 additional related genes that provide the same type of positional information in the head. The groundbreaking analysis of a homeotic mutant called Bithorax by Ed Lewis provided the first example of a gene functioning to define a specific region of an organism. In recognition of this discovery, he was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize for medicine, along with Wieschaus and Nusslein-Volhard....

Info Mah PhysicalAnthropology

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 19:46:21 GMT

the other Eurasian hominid Griphopithecus also with thick molar enamel , which first appears in Turkey around this time Heizmann amp Begun, 2001 Andrews et al., 1996 . Dryopithecus, however, does not appear in the fossil record of Europe until around 12.5 Ma Andrews et al., 1996 Andrews amp Bernor, 1999 Begun, 2001 . Begun 2001 suggests that either Kenyapithecus from Fort Ternan Kenya or Griphopithecus from Turkey represent the likely ancestral ape that gave rise to Dryopithecus, and he...

O B A F G K M SolarRadiation

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 18:27:35 GMT

28,000-60,000 10,000-28,000 7,500-10,000 6,500-7,500 5,000-6,000 3,500-5,000 2,000-3,500 Middle-aged is a notion derived from the H-R diagram. As has often been observed, the HR diagram is like a family picture which includes new babies, teenagers, parents, and so on. This cosy image conveys the key point of the H-R diagram, namely to indicate the likely fate of stars on the graph. It is commonplace in science and sometimes mistaken to assume that related features of different age which exist...

Caribbean Monk Seal Homo Erectus 2

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 18:17:20 GMT

Caribbean Monk Seal Habitat loss, persecution, and competition with humans for food forced the Caribbean monk seal into extinction. Phil Miller Caribbean Monk Seal Habitat loss, persecution, and competition with humans for food forced the Caribbean monk seal into extinction. Phil Miller Scientific name Monachus tropicalis Scientific classification Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Phocidae When did it become extinct The last reliable record of this species is from 1952....

References CometHalley

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 16:01:18 GMT

Alden, W.C. 1929 , Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin's contributions to glacial geology. Jour. Geo., 37, 293-319. Allen, C.S. 1973 , Astrophysical Quantities The Athlone Press, London . Alvarez, W. and Muller, R.A. 1984 , Evidence from crater ages for periodic impacts on Earth. Nature, 308, 718-720. Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H.V. 1980 , Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, Science, 208, 1095-1108. Anders, E. 1989 , Pre-biotic organic matter from...

Interact box 31 Genetic drift AlleleFrequencies

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 14:57:21 GMT

Genetic drift can be simulated with either Populus or PopGene.S2. Try using Populus and following the instructions here. Under the Model menu, select Mendelian Genetics and then Genetic Drift. Make sure the Monte Carlo tab is selected. The simulation dialog has entry fields for Population Size N and Number of Loci or replicates . Number of generations shown in the graphs can be specified as 3N or a fixed number of generations Other with radio buttons the program will automatically set the...

Swimming 521 UpperCretaceous

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 06:44:32 GMT

The locomotion of the plesiosaurs has formed the subject of at least three different hypotheses, outlined by Taylor 1986 , Halstead 1989 , McGowan 1991 , Ellis 2003 and Benton 2004 . Because their tails were relatively small, their paddles large and powerful, it can reasonably be assumed that the latter were used for creating thrust. At first, it was thought that plesiosaurs swam by beating their limbs forward and backward as though they were oars. The paddles would, of course, have had to be...

Angiosperm origin MassExtinction

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 03:00:05 GMT

According to most traditional interpretations, as well as explicit phylogenetic analyses, angiosperms are a well-defined monophyletic group. Most morphology-based cladistic analyses including both extant and extinct taxa identify a monophyletic clade, often referred to as the anthophytes, comprising the angiosperms, Gnetales, Bennettitales, and Pentoxylon Fig. 1.4.2.1a . Several molecular phylogenetic studies also place Gnetales as the closest living relatives to the angiosperms. The anthophyte...

Bryozoans as a model system MassExtinction

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 17:37:29 GMT

Organisms that grow by budding morphologically variable but genetically homogeneous modules e.g. zooids within bryozoan colonies offer some special opportunities for the investigation of evolutionary tempo and mode. First, most characters whether metric, meristic, or coded behave as continuous variates, because zooids with different states of a character occur in varying proportions from colony to colony Cheetham 1987 . More significantly, breeding experiments with living bryozoan species have...

Early Hominin Social Dynamics PhysicalAnthropology

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 16:13:25 GMT

Three main archaeological interpretations of Plio- Pleistocene hominid in behavior have been proposed. While the models emphasize the behavioral repertoire of early Homo for they focus on stone tool technologies and their distribution over the landscape they are probably relevant to the behavioral features of the australopithecines too. The first was proposed by the Harvard archaeologist Glynn Isaac, who became famous for his archaeological excavations and interpretations of the localities...

Classical Levallois blade technology MiddlePalaeolithic

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 11:44:18 GMT

The fact that certain forms of essentially typical Levallois cores were intended for the production of elongated, blade-like flakes has been recognized sporadically in the literature throughout the present century e.g. Commont 1909, 1913 Breuil amp Kozlowski 1932 Bordes 1961a 72 . The distinctively Levallois aspect of these cores lies in the deliberate preparation of a continuous striking platform extending around the circumference of the core, from which a series of initial, preparatory flakes...

2116 Tests of isostasy ContinentalCrust

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 09:49:26 GMT

The state of isostatic compensation of a region can be assessed by making use of gravity anomalies. The isostatic anomaly, IA, is defined as the Bouguer anomaly minus the gravity anomaly of the subsurface compensation. Consider a broad, flat plateau of elevation h compensated by a root of thickness r. The terrain correction From the Airy criterion for isostatic equilibrium Substitution of this condition into the equation reveals that the isostatic anomaly is equal to the free-air anomaly over a...

XRay Tube Support System ConventionalRadiography

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 08:24:12 GMT

The x-ray tube will often require some mechanism by which the tube is suspended over or placed under the subject of study. The decision of where to place the x-ray tube should depend on a combination of concern for the fragility of the subject and, often more importantly, convenience. Although commercial support systems are available, they may weigh as much as a 100 lb 45 kg , adding extra unnecessary weight. Designing supports for the x-ray tube is a creative process they can be a formal...

Discussion InvasiveSpecies

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 02:46:34 GMT

Ailanthus trees appear to be easy to control with the herbicides used in this study. Burch and Zedaker 2003 also observed high control rates of ailanthus using basal application, with defoliation rates of 75-100 after six weeks using a variety of herbicide-carrier systems, most of which included Garlon 4. They observed 100 defoliation using Garlon 4 in a 20 formulation with HY-Grade EC used a carrier. The timing of application for that study was in June. The lower efficacy of both June and...

79 78 77 MagneticAnomalies

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 01:41:13 GMT

Fig. 1.9. Variations of the dipole field with time since A.D. 1600. a Variation of the dipole moment from successive spherical harmonic analyses, b Variation of the dipole axis as represented by the change in position of North Geomagnetic Pole. After Fraser-Smith 1987 . speculated on the demise of the main dipole around A.D. 3700 to 4000 if the present trends continue, but this change is probably just part of the natural variation as the dipole recovers from abnormally high values at about 2000...

Box 22 Protein locus or allozyme genotyping AlleleFrequencies

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 22:27:10 GMT

Determining the genotypes of individuals at enzymatic protein loci is a rapid technique to estimate genotype frequencies in populations. Protein analysis was the primary molecular genotyping technique for several decades before DNA-based techniques became widely available. Alleles at loci that code for proteins with enzymatic function can be ascertained in a multi-step process. First, fresh tissue samples are ground up under conditions that preserve the function of proteins. Next, these protein...

41 Endemic Taxa and Autochtonous Evolution in the Carpathian Basin RelictSpecies

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 21:55:49 GMT

The level of endemism generally correlates with the geological age of the refugia where relict-like taxa have been evolved and or could survive. The Carpathian Basin belongs to the geologically young areas of Europe. Its relief developed under the influence of the Alpine orogenesis and by retreat of the Paratethys and the Pannonian inland sea. Moreover, the phylogeography of some freshwater invertebrates e.g. Neritidae snails, see Bunje 2007 Feher et al. 2007 is clearly connected with the...

Anton Sc 2003 Natural History Of Homo Erectus. Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology 46 126-169 EarlyHomo

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 21:14:40 GMT

Aleexev, V.P., 1986. The Origin of the Human Race. Progress Publishers, Moscow. Anton, S.C., 2003. Natural history of Homo erectus. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 46, 126-169. Blumenschine, R.J., Peters, C.R., Masao, F.T. Clarke, R.J., Deino, A.L., Hay, R.L., Swisher, C.C., Stanistreet, I.G., Ashley, G.M., McHenry, L.J., Sikes, N.E., van der Merwe, N.J., Tactikos, J.C., Cushing, A.E., Deocampo, D.M., Njau, J.K., Ebert, J.I., 2003. Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from western Olduvai...

Box 41 The Variance In Allele Frequency Over Time GeneticDrift

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 19:35:26 GMT

Let x, be the number of A alleles in an idealized finite population of size N at generation i. We will first consider the impact of two successive generations of drift upon the variance of the allele frequency at generation i, pi xi 2N . Because genetic drift has no direction, we know that the expected value of pi is p for every generation i, where p is the frequency of the A allele in the initial reference population generation 0 . By definition, the variance of pi, of, is This variance can be...

27 Stellar Statistics BrownDwarfs

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 19:10:57 GMT

Previous sections consider late-type dwarfs on a star-by-star basis. However, one of the most important scientific issues centres on the determination of frequency as a function of mass - the mass function. This parameter is of fundamental importance for both star formation theory and Galactic structure. Low-mass stars and brown dwarfs are prime dark-matter candidates, and determining the number density of such objects has occupied the attention of many astronomers over the last 30 years....

Flowers Again EvolutionaryChange

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 18:16:31 GMT

Let's now, in the third of our warm-up forays into natural selection, move on to flowers and pollinators and see something of the power of natural selection to drive evolution. Pollination biology furnishes us with some pretty amazing facts, and the high point of wondrousness is reached in the orchids. No wonder Darwin was so keen on them no wonder he wrote the book I have already mentioned, The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects. Some orchids, such as the 'magic...

Acknowledgments Creationism

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 17:23:24 GMT

The second edition of Evolution vs. Creationism An Introduction builds on the first, and therefore the contributions of NCSE staff members past and present who helped in that effort is still very much in evidence, and very much appreciated. I have greatly benefited from working with and sharing ideas with David Almandsmith, Josephina Borgeson, Wesley Elsberry, Skip Evans, Alan Gishlick, Charles Hargrove, Peter Hess, Anne Holden, Abraham Kneisley, David Leitner, Molleen Matsumura, Nicholas...

Molds And Casts FossilPlants

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 17:21:51 GMT

In addition to two-dimensional plant parts, such as leaves, three-dimensional structures, such as stems, seeds, or fruits, can also be carried into sites where sediment is accumulating and buried. During flood events, massive trunks and tree branches can be moved some distance before they are eventually deposited. If these plant parts became crushed over time, they would be preserved as compression or impression fossils. If, however, the sediment surrounding the three-dimensional plant parts...

Acknowledgments TasmanianDevil

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 10:37:48 GMT

Many organisations and individuals have been of assistance to us in our work on this book, through permission to reproduce words or images and through personal communications. In particular, and as will be seen throughout the book, Nick Mooney, Tasmanian government wildlife biologist and a longtime advocate of protecting the island's fauna and unique environment, holds a special place in the story of the Tasmanian devil. Likewise, zoologist and academic Dr Eric Guiler, devoted himself for over...

The Emergence of Paranthropus PhysicalAnthropology

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 08:06:48 GMT

With the discovery by Alan Walker of KNM-WT 17000 nicknamed the Black Skull due to its color see Figure 4.4 in Kenya during the mid-1980s, another major problem in paleoanthropology was largely settled, the origins of the unique robust hominins of the genus Paranthropus see Walker et al., 1986 Walker amp Leakey, 1988 . Until the discovery of this specimen, dated to 2.5 Ma, there was no fossil evidence for their origins in East Africa, P boisei appears around 2.3 Ma and disappears around 1.4 Ma...

Vera M Kolb And Patrick J Liesch GreenstoneBelt

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 05:44:05 GMT

Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI53141-2000, USA Abstract Silicates are abundant on both Earth and Mars, and hold great potential for harboring biosignatures. Biosignatures are signs of past or present life and may be either organic or inorganic in nature. Our most recent work, which we review here, is a survey of how different classes of organic compounds interact with highly basic sodium silicate solution to model the formation of biosignatures in nature....

The First Exit from Africa HumanPopulation

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 00:25:44 GMT

Because ergaster was adapted to living in dry places, it could survive in many environments. This adaptability made possible a momentous step, the first spread of human lineages to the lands beyond Africa. A close relative and presumably descendant of ergaster, known as Homo erectus, had reached Asia by at least 1 million years ago and maybe much earlier stone tools recently found in northern China have been dated to 1.66 23 million years ago. By 1 million years ago, ergaster itself had reached...

Notes and References Vtn Terraforming

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 05:53:01 GMT

1. I am assuming that the adventures of Harry Potter are now sufficiently well known that the intended use of this word is clear. 2. The identification of Mars' meteorites is based upon their young formation age, and according to the chemical analysis of the very small amounts of gas trapped within small shock-melt pockets of glass. Indeed, the gases trapped within the meteorites are an exact match for the Martian atmosphere. Four main Martian meteorite groups are recognized shergottites,...

11 Historical development AngularMomentum

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 22:30:06 GMT

The study of stellar rotation began at the turn of the seventeenth century, when sunspots were observed for the first time through a refracting telescope. Measurements of the westward motion of these spots across the solar disk were originally made by Johannes Fabricius, Galileo Galilei, Thomas Harriot, and Christopher Scheiner. The first public announcement of an observation came from Fabricius 1587-c. 1617 , a 24-year old native of East Friesland, Germany. His pamphlet, De maculis in Sole...

New data Panderichthys Acanthostega Ichthyostega and others MassExtinction

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 22:16:21 GMT

Panderichthyids include Panderichthys Fig. 1.3.7.1b and Elpistostege Clack 1997 from the Frasnian of Latvia and Canada, respectively. They possess tetrapod-like dor-sally placed orbits, flattened skulls, enlarged ribs, fin distribution, and details of humeral morphology Coates 1996 . However, these apparently advanced characters are associated with primitive features such as a jointed braincase resembling the generalized sarcopterygian condition Carroll 1996 , and many key skeletal features...

Plesiadapiform Dental Characters and Primate Origins PrimateOrigins

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 22:04:33 GMT

Many plesiadapiforms have enlarged anterior incisors and a degree of reduction of the posterior teeth, between I 1 and P 4. It seems clear that the increase of the anterior incisor results in a crowding of the following teeth, which leads in many advanced plesiadapiforms to a diastema between the large incisor and the remaining teeth, or to a series of tiny crowded teeth as in carpolestids. Such specializations have commonly been recognized as preventing any possible ancestral relationship...

Vinod Chandra Tewari GreenstoneBelt

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 19:55:07 GMT

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun 248 001, Uttarakhand, India and International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Miramare 34100 Trieste, Italy A comparative study of possible genesis of life on planet Earth and Mars reveals that similar conditions would have been present on Mars supporting a probable occurrence of unicellular Martian microfossils and stromatolites. The genetic aspect of eukaryotes or eukaryogenesis, eukaryotic evolution and probable geological and recent...

The Missing Moon SaturnianSystem

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 18:46:29 GMT

In 1815, Harvard College began to consider the erection of an observatory and W.C. Bond was sent to Europe to inspect the workings of similar institutions. Upon his return, he submitted his report and promptly established his own observatory at Dorchester in order to develop instruments and methods. When the Harvard College Observatory was completed in 1844 with a fine 15-inch refractor made in Germany by Merz-Mahler, Bond was appointed as its first director. Noting that the distribution of...

Determining Paleoclimate From Fossil Plants FossilPlants

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 17:00:54 GMT

Understanding climates of the past has become more and more crucial to appreciating the changes occurring on our warming planet today, and paleobotany is very important in providing baseline data to reconstruct past climates and in calibrating paleoclimate models based on physical parameters Steppuhn et al., 2007 . This area is rapidly expanding, so we will only cover a few of the many ways in which plant fossils can be used to reconstruct paleoclimate Data from fossil tree rings...

Cell Gene and Molecular Therapy New Concepts PhotodynamicTherapy

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 11:36:56 GMT

No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear...

Distribution Of Diadectomorpha PlasmaOsmolarity

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 10:08:51 GMT

The suborder Diadectomorpha consists of three families. The Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian Limnoscelidae and Early Permian Tseajaiidae have a strictly North American record, whereas members of the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian Diadectidae are found in both North America and central Europe. It is important to note here two taxonomic reassessments of reported limnoscelids. Initially, Martens 1989 reported the occurrence of a limnoscelid-like form from the Bromacker locality in the Lower...

D7s820 AlleleFrequencies

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 07:58:18 GMT

What does the amelogenin locus tell us and how did you assign an expected frequency to the observed genotype Is it likely that two unrelated individuals would share this 10-locus genotype by chance For this genotype, would a match between a crime scene sample and a suspect be convincing evidence that the person was present at the

Solution 5 The Zoo Scenario FermiParadox

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 02:45:31 GMT

Someone told me it's all happening at the zoo. I do believe it, I do believe it's true. In 1973, John Ball proposed the zoo scenario as a means of resolving the Fermi paradox.58 In fact, Ball called it the zoo hypothesis variants of the idea, some of which are described below, also call themselves hypotheses, and they appear as such in the literature. I prefer to call them scenarios, because in science an hypothesis usually implies a speculation framed in such a way that it can be tested. As we...

Problem box 31 Applying the binomial formula AlleleFrequencies

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 02:25:08 GMT

Two independent laboratory populations of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster were observed for two generations. The populations each had a size of N 24 individuals with an equal number of males and females. In the first generation, both populations were founded with fA p 0.5. In the second generation, one population showed fA p 0.458 and the other fA p 0.521. What are the chances of observing these allele frequencies after one generation of genetic drift Shifting our perspective, we can use...

212 Chronology CometHalley

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 23:24:11 GMT

A possible chronology model is described in Table 2.3. It summarizes the different assessments coming from the previous speculations. These order-of-magnitude estimates ignore the considerable difficulties that are still present everywhere. The chronology model of Table 2.3 assumes that the sedimentation of solid particles to the midplane of the disk occurred almost simultaneously 2 The Origin of the Atmosphere and of the Oceans Table 2.2. Thickness of uniform layer covering the earth. Origin...

The Changing Face Of The Earth LateDevonian

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 23:22:03 GMT

The evolving Paleozoic Earth experienced widespread tectonic disruptions, abrupt swings in global temperature, fluctuating sea levels, and fundamental changes to the makeup of the planet's atmosphere. The era was also marked by long spans of temperate warmth that contrasted with massive glaciations and their chilling effects. EVOLUTIONARY MILESTONES OF THE PALEOZOIC ERA Shelly marine invertebrates trilobites nautiloids archaic mollusks, brachiopods, echinoderms marine plants ancestral chordates...

Coalswamp history MassExtinction

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 22:54:11 GMT

For over nine million years Westphalian coal swamps were dominated mainly by lycopsids and cordaites. The dominance of these groups reflects the commonness of the environments for which they were ecologically specialized wet to flooded in the case of most lycopsids and periodically dry in the case of cordaites. Medullosans and specialized lycopsids occupied fire and flood prone habitats ecotonal between peat and clastic swamps. Tree ferns were interstitial opportunists in all but the wettest...

Alls Lousy On The Eastern Front BiologicalWarfare

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 21:58:30 GMT

During World War I, the European continent provided history's largest experiment in entomological warfare tactics. For the first time, scientific understanding of insect-borne diseases allowed these agents to be exploited as passive weapons, demonstrating that the best offense could be a good defense. Rather than forcing the enemy into infested habitats, science provided the means for military leaders to protect their own forces from the ravages of disease-carrying insects that were part and...

Preface MiddlePalaeolithic

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 21:30:03 GMT

My colleague Chris Stringer warned me that writing a book about Neanderthals would be rather like ordering menus for College High Table dinners - there would be no way of pleasing everyone. For the past eighty years or so we seem to have been caught between two opposing camps - between those who see the Neanderthals as our immediate ancestors, only mildly different in at least their basic biological and behavioural patterns from fully 'modern' populations and those who prefer to adhere to...

22 Body Size Analysis TraceFossils

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 17:58:38 GMT

Maximum vesicle diameters were recorded from species descriptions, when available, for all species occurrences. Figure vesicle diameters were measured from microphotographs of acritarchs. Maximum vesicle diameters were used as a proxy for acritarch body size history and figure vesicle diameters were used as a cross-check. Maximum and figure vesicle diameters were log-transformed. Mean maximum vesicle diameters and mean figure vesicle diameters were calculated for each geochronological bin. To...

Contents LunarModule

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 17:39:16 GMT

xxiii 1 Apollo an extraordinary The meaning of Dreaming of the The Apollo Which Lunar orbit Swords to ploughshares von Braun's rockets 17 2 The Apollo flights a brief An alphabet of Failure of Back in the saddle Apollo The lunar module flies Apollo 5 29 The Saturn balks Apollo Testing Block II Apollo Gutsy decisions Apollo A complete system test Apollo 9 34 A dress rehearsal Apollo Task accomplished Apollo Lightning strikes Apollo The successful failure Apollo Try again Apollo Exploration at...

Many Patterning Genes Encode Transcription Factors HomeoticGenes

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 16:05:44 GMT

Nearly all gap genes, pair-rule genes, and homeotic genes encode transcription factors and are expressed in spatially and temporally restricted patterns. That is to say, transcription of the patterning gene from DNA into RNA occurs only in cells in certain positions in the embryo and not in others. The fact that many key patterning genes encode transcription factors is easy to rationalize given that these genes function by controlling the expression of other genes. Gap genes are expressed in...

Homospory to heterospory VascularPlants

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 15:53:06 GMT

Evidence from the fossil plant record indicates that plants were producing sporangia yielding two kinds of spores Figure 4.8 from the early Devonian Emsian, 400Ma onwards. These include megaspores that were between approximately 150 and 200 um in diameter and microspores that were usually lt 50 im Traverse, 1988 . The transition from plants that were homosporous one spore size to heterosporous two spores sizes is considered one of the most important evolutionary trends in the development of...

H heidelbergensis HomininFossil

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 15:02:07 GMT

Figure 1.5 The hominin phylogeny. Lines linking the branches were not included because many of the relationships between the species remain unclear. However, there is good evidence that Ardipithecus Ar. ramidus kadabba and Ar. ramidus were ancestral to the australopiths A. anamensis and then A. afarensis in an evolutionary lineage. Prior to that scientists are still investigating Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus for evidence of their belonging to either the human or the chimpanzee...

23 Air Density In Flight MechanicalPower

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 14:41:12 GMT

When you save a bird in the ''User Birds'' database of Flight, the air density is saved together with the bird's morphological measurements, because this is an integral part of the scenario for any performance calculations. When observing bird flight, whether in the laboratory or in the field, it is essential to record the prevailing air density if you want to compare the results with similar observations, on other birds in other places. The air density at the observer's position can be found...

Shuhai Xiao And James D Schiffbauer GreenstoneBelt

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 14:40:34 GMT

Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA One of the major tasks of astrobiology is to critically examine evidence of past or present ecosystems beyond our planet. As Earth is the only planet that is known to have hosted life, perhaps as early as 3.8-3.5 billion years ago or Ga, Giga anna as illustrated by biologically-meaningful carbon isotopic signatures and prokaryotic microfossils Mojzsis et al., 1996 Schopf, 2006 but see...

Plume tectonics MassExtinctions

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 13:23:54 GMT

The reassessment of the mantle plume hypothesis has become the most exciting current debate in Earth science Foulger 2005 . To appreciate the dynamics of the debate, it is useful to consider the mantle plume model before exploring the reasons for its possible demise and replacement with a plate model. Mantle plumes may start growing the core-mantle boundary. The mechanisms by which they form and grow are undecided. They may involve rising plumes of liquid metal and light elements pumping latent...

2112 Airys hypothesis ContinentalCrust

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 10:41:20 GMT

Airy's hypothesis assumes that the outermost shell of the Earth is of a constant density and overlies a higher density layer. Surface topography is compensated by varying the thickness of the outer shell in such a way that its buoyancy balances the surface load. A simple analogy would be blocks of ice of varying thickness floating in water, with the thickest showing the greatest elevation above the surface. Thus mountain ranges would be underlain by a thick root, and ocean basins by a thinned...

Levallois techniques MiddlePalaeolithic

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 09:50:40 GMT

Levallois techniques have been recognized as one of the most distinctive hallmarks of Middle Palaeolithic technology since the original definition of the Mousterian by Gabriel de Mortillet in the late nineteenth century de Mortillet 1883 240, 255 see also Commont 1909 122 . The central and diagnostic feature of these techniques has always been seen as the attempt to control or predetermine the overall shape and size of the intended flakes by means of careful preparation of one face of the...

David Mauzerall GreenAlgae

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 02:36:45 GMT

I. Energy Requirements for Life II. Prebiotic Photochemistry UV and Oceanic Photochemistry In this chapter I attempt to outline a dominant role of photochemistry in the evolution, and possibly the origin, of life and to explain the observed chemicals found useful in the process. The enormous energy requirement for biological evolution as we know it can only be supplied by solar energy. The inevitable oceanic photochemistry caused by the ultraviolet UV radiation passing through the anoxic...

Natural Selection HomininFossil

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 00:33:34 GMT

Although we associate evolution with Charles Darwin, he was not the first to realize evolution occurs, nor was he the first to search for the mechanism. Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744 1829 made the first robust, scientific attempts at explaining the Tree of Life. Much of Darwin's thinking was influenced by the writings of Lamarck and his ideas on the inheritance of acquired traits. The classic example of Lamarckian evolution is the explanation for the evolution of the long giraffe neck. Under this...

Gerrit L Verschuur CometImpact

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 23:15:35 GMT

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogor Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright 1996 by Gerrit L. Verschuur First published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 1996 First published as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1997 Oxford is a...

61 Galliformes Landfowl MiddleEocene

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 19:43:14 GMT

Crown group Galliformes include the Australasian Megapodiidae megapodes , which are the sister taxon of a clade including the New World Cracidae guans, chachalacas, and curassows and the globally distributed Phasianidae grouse, quails, pheasants, and allies Cracraft et al. 2004 Ericson et al. 2006 . Although stem group Galliformes may have already existed in the late Cretaceous see Chap. 4 , identification of the fragmentary remains needs to be corroborated with additional specimens. The...

2115 Isostatic rebound ContinentalCrust

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 18:49:25 GMT

The equilibrium flexural response of the lithosphere to loading is independent of the precise mechanical properties of the underlying asthenosphere as long as it facilitates flow. However, the reattainment of equilibrium after removal of the load, a phenomenon known as isostatic rebound, is controlled by the viscosity of the asthenosphere. Measurement of the rates of isostatic rebound provides a means of estimating the viscosity of the upper mantle. Fennoscandia represents an example of this...

44 Parachute types MarsExploration

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 14:15:24 GMT

The design of parachutes and related systems is a somewhat arcane science e.g. Knacke, 1992 Murrow and McFall, 1968 of sufficient complexity that empirical testing remains the only trustworthy design tool. Different parachute geometries are available with different inflation performance, drag coefficient, stability, manufacturing cost and so on. The lowest cost type of parachute is the cruciform - this is easily manufactured as two strips of fabric sewn at an orthogonal intersection. These are...

Contents DinosaurFootprints

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 14:07:03 GMT

4 Investigations in Eastern Australia 29 8 Denver, Utah and South Dakota 85 10 The Fossil Fish Capital of the World 125 11 Fossil-related Crime in South America, India and Africa 137 12 The World's Largest Fossil Fair 154 14 The Future of the Fossil Industry 187 Epilogue A Personal Story 200 Appendix How to Check if that Fossil is Legal 207 References 213 Acknowledgements 219

1571Cesco MinorPlanets

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 11:46:09 GMT

1950 FJ. Discovered 1950 Mar. 20 by M. Itzigsohn at La Plata. Named in memory of Ronaldo P. Cesco, a former director of the La Plata Observatory, an outstanding mathematician and celestial mechanician. The planet also honors his brother, Carlos U. Cesco, in charge of the program of astrometric observations of comets and minor planets at El Leoncito. M 6954 The Felix Aguilar see planet 1800 Observatory at El Leoncito see planet 2311 was renamed into Carlos U. Cesco Observatory.

The pogo stick LunarModule

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 10:47:05 GMT

As has been said herein repeatedly, the Saturn V was a big vehicle and its length helped to contribute to one of the most uncomfortable sensations most crews had to tolerate during their ascent to space - pogo. Pogo was named after a stick-like toy of the 1960s on which children could bounce along, aided by a large spring that stored the energy of each jump. Engineers found that many rockets, not least the Saturn V, were prone to severe longitudinal vibrations which they called pogo for obvious...

autothysis see sting autotomy ArthroInsecta

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 09:14:29 GMT

autotilly n. Gr. autos, self tillesthai, to pluck Loss of appendages by self-amputation. see autospasy. autotoky n. Gr. autos, self tokos, birth The production of progeny by a single organism, including hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis. autotomize v.t. Gr. autos, self temnein, to cut To shed a part intentionally to effect autotomy. autotomy n. Gr. autos, self tome, a cutting The act of reflex self-mutilation of a part or appendage of various invertebrates, i.e., annelids, cnidarians,...

Ldef Comes Home Space Shuttle Columbia

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 06:31:13 GMT

As they gained their first glimpse of the satellite, Columbia's crew noticed it had suffered some damage during its six years in orbit a small solar panel had apparently dislodged itself and was flying in formation and a number of holes - apparently caused by micrometeoroid impacts - were evident. After retrieval, the Interim Operational Contamination Monitor IOCM , an instrument attached to the starboard payload bay wall, close to the forward bulkhead, would reveal that the LDEF also emitted a...

Instant Film ConventionalRadiography

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 04:38:51 GMT

At this point it should be clear that conventional film has a number of disadvantages in a field application. Even though large quantities of film may be easily acquired as a donation, the need for a darkroom, chemistry, and water make it tremendously problematic. In addition, even if automatic processing is available, the occasional need to repeat films will result in the examination of fewer specimens. Because x-ray and visible light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, photographic...

2384Schulhof MinorPlanets

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 15:11:14 GMT

1943 ECi. Discovered 1943 Mar. 2 by M. Laugier at Nice. Named in memory of Leopold Schulhof 1847-1921 , Hungarian-born astronomer who spent most of his working life in Paris, although he discovered 147 Protogeneia while a student in Vienna. His extensive computations on the orbits of comets and minor planets frequently involved the interplay of perturbations and determinacy, and he contributed much toward the recovery of lost objects. His very detailed study of the comet now known as P...

32 Lateral variations and anisotropy Mantle Convection 2

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 14:44:05 GMT

The possibility of a laterally heterogeneous outer core was first discussed in the 1970's. Comparing PnKP with n lt 7, and SmKS with m lt 2, Buchbinder 1972a and Kind and M ller 1977 concluded that the outer core is laterally homogeneous. However, body-wave studies of outer core heterogeneity have been inconclusive. There are studies where heterogeneity is less than 0.1 , or below detection Morelli and Dziewonski, 1987 Souriau and Poupinet, 1991 Roudil and Souriau, 1993 Garnero and Helmberger,...

52 Early Paleocene vegetation CretaceousTertiary

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 14:30:12 GMT

Paleocene vegetation is best known from the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains of North America, northeastern Asia, and Greenland. Isolated Paleocene sites have been discovered or described in Europe, the Canadian Arctic, Antarctica, New Zealand, India, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina. Africa and Australia are poorly known, with essentially no Paleocene megafloras. The North American Paleocene is so well sampled from nearly a thousand fossil localities that knowledge of Paleocene megafloras is...

98765432 1 PlastidGenomes

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 14:18:54 GMT

Topics in Current Genetics publishes review articles of wide interest in volumes that center around specific topics in genetics, genomics as well as cell, molecular and developmental biology. Particular emphasis is placed on the comparison of several model organisms. Volume editors are invited by the series editor for specific topics, but further suggestions for volume topics are highly welcomed. Each volume is edited by one or several acknowledged leaders in the field, who invite authors and...

library screening methods ProteinDesign

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 13:37:03 GMT

Cell surface display systems are valuable tools for protein engineering when coupled with a method for high-throughput screening of large libraries Boder and Wittrup 1998 Daugherty et al. 1998 . While flow cytometry remains a common method for screening cell surface display libraries, other methods such as magnetic bead sorting and panning have also been developed. The library screening strategies discussed in this section are generally applicable to multiple hosts and display formats....

Introduction 1 TailedLemurs

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 12:47:44 GMT

Our goal in this chapter is to review recent research on the ecology of Madagascar's extinct lemurs, with particular attention to how strongly these species resembled their still-extant relatives. The literature on the ecology of lemurs is replete with proclamations regarding their special adaptations. These include hypometabolism torpor in some , sperm competition or other forms of male-male competition for mates that involve relatively low agonism, small group size, seasonal breeding,...

23 Paleoclimatic environment EarlyCretaceous

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 12:28:44 GMT

This section is based on both original investigations of the IGCP 245 and 350 project participants, and the results of intradisciplinary research initiated in 1993 on the programme Warm Biosphere by the Russian Academy of Sciences with special reference to the Cretaceous 5, 101, 102,103 , Rocks of nonmarine origin coals, kaolinic crusts of weathering, red beds and the distribution of various plants and climatically sensitive animals are the attributes we recognize for climatic determinations....

2 Material and Methods SiphuncularMembranes

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 09:53:04 GMT

The taxa used in this study are Archanarcestes obesus Erben, 1960 and Mimagoniatites fecundus Barrande, 1865, from the Mimagoniatitidae Agoniatites vanuxemi Hall, 1879 and Fidelites fidelis Barrande, 1865, from the Agoniatitidae and Latanarcestes sp. from the Anarcestidae. Six of the specimens are from Morocco. The remaining specimen A. vanuxemi is from the Cherry Valley Limestone of New York State see Clarke, 1899 . Descriptions of Moroccan localities are given below. For a more detailed...

Appendix 7 SiphuncularMembranes

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 09:46:29 GMT

Lirae spacing in microns on the postembryonic shell of Latanarcestes sp. AMNH 46646 ._ number Ventral V Midflank Dorsal D Ratio V D number Ventral V Midflank Dorsal D Ratio V D

Acknowledgments LightCurves

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 08:13:11 GMT

Robert E. Wilson1 provided unstinting help in the clarification and exposition of his model and program and in carefully reviewing drafts of the present volume. Dirk Terrell1 provided a great deal of help in explicating and coding details of the light curve modeling improvements. Andrew T. Young2 provided valuable discussions concerning photometry. It is a pleasure to thank A. M. Cherepashchuk3 for translating an important segment of his work into English for inclusion in the chapter on what we...

Community response to the Mesozoic marine revolution MassExtinction

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 01:19:55 GMT

Various changes in benthic communities have been attributed to the increase in predation and grazing during the Mesozoic marine revolution. Communities of the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic were dominated by Fig. 1.4.1.1 Number of families of marine durophagous predators, including eurypterid and crustacean arthropods, cephalopod molluscs, and vertebrates. Abbreviations from left to right LS, Late Silurian ED, Early Devonian MD, Middle Devonian LD, Late Devonian EC, Early Carboniferous LC, Late...

Radioactive Clocks EvolutionaryChange

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:29:42 GMT

Let's now turn to radioactive clocks. There are quite a lot of them to choose from, and, as I said, they blessedly cover the gamut from centuries to thousands of millions of years. Each one has its own margin of error, which is usually about 1 per cent. So if you want to date a rock which is billions of years old, you must be satisfied with an error of plus or minus tens of millions of years. If you want to date a rock hundreds of millions of years old, you must be satisfied with an error of...

Life and the evolution of continents Trace Fossils 2

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 22:27:44 GMT

Life exists on a physically changing world, and these changes have both controlled the evolution of organisms and been recorded by their fossil record. Evolution operates rapidly on small populations, and so when a group of organisms becomes isolated through changes in the landscape around them, they quickly evolve to become different to their parent population. Organisms migrate across land bridges or along new seaways, as areas that were once isolated become accessible to one another. The...

Sickle Cell Anemia GeneticVariation

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 21:52:23 GMT

A number sign is used with this entry because sickle cell anemia is the result of mutant beta globin HBB 141900 in which the mutation causes sickling of hemoglobin rather than reduced amount of beta globin which causes beta-thalassemia. The most common cause of sickle cell anemia is Hb S 141900.0243 , with SS disease being most prevalent in Africans. CLINICAL FEATURES Scriver and Waugh 1930 reported detailed studies of a 7-year old child with sickle cell anemia. Her main complaints were cough,...

Earlier Studies and the Formation of Polygonal Craters ImpactStructures

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 21:06:41 GMT

Theories of the origin of hexagonal lunar craters were discussed already in 1908 by Puiseux Fielder 1961 Kopal 1966 . The 1960's, however, seems to have been the golden age of polygonal crater studies. Gilbert Fielder, a strong advocate of the lunar craters' volcanic origin, fundamentally stated that polygonally shaped craters are common Fielder 1961 . Later Fielder also noted the connection between square-shaped and hexagonal craters with orthogonal and three-directional fracturing,...

134 Synonymous versus nonsynonymous changes GeneticVariation

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 18:04:14 GMT

The single base substitutions in coding DNA that result in Hb S and Hb C are examples of non synonymous changes in which a DNA sequence variant results in a change in the RNA codon and alters the encoded protein. In contrast, a synonymous change results in a new codon but not a change in amino acid across the genome such events are the most common variants seen in coding DNA. Within HBB, an example of a synonymous DNA variant is HBB c.33C gt A Fig. 1.23A . With this C to A substitution, the...

Pseudotachylites in Large Impact Structures ImpactStructures

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 15:35:55 GMT

Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa reimoldw geosciences.wits.ac.za gibsonr geosciences.wits.ac.za Abstract. The catastrophic processes associated with meteorite impact are capable of producing dark-matrix breccias by a variety of mechanisms during both the shock compression and crater modification phases. Distinguishing the origins of these breccias provides vital clues to...

124What Can Be Derived from Eclipsing Binaries LightCurves

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 15:10:08 GMT

The analysis of photometric light curves alone cannot provide absolute dimensions of binary stars or their orbits. The reason is a scaling property with respect to the relative orbital semi-major axis a If all linear dimensions are increased by a certain factor, the associated light curve changes can be canceled by shifting the binary to a larger distance. A light curve can provide the orbital inclination and, among other parameters, relative quantities such as the radii in units of a, ratio of...

Field Imaging specific Considerations The Radiographic Unit ConventionalRadiography

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 02:26:05 GMT

Although selecting an x-ray unit may be based on what you can get as dictated by budget or donation, it cannot be stressed enough that the equipment needs to be operated by a trained radiographer with paleoimaging experience. After providing some training, on occasion the authors left equipment with researchers in the field, only to find that they did not anticipate the impact of their application on the unit itself. In one instance, while attempting a long exposure, the unit overheated and the...

References PlastidGenomes

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 22:39:11 GMT

Akita T, Sagisaka S 1995 Functional and structural differences among proplastids as seen by immunogold staining and electron microscopy. Biosci Biotech Biochem 59 14771484 Aldridge C, Maple J, Moller SG 2005 The molecular biology of plastid division in higher plants. J Exp Bot 56 1061-1077 Alexander L, Grierson D 2002 Ethylene biosynthesis and action in tomato a model for climacteric fruit ripening. J Exp Bot 53 2039-2055 Andersson MX, Sandelius AS 2004 A chloroplast-localized vesicular...

allosynapsis see allosyndesis ArthroInsecta

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 15:37:51 GMT

allosyndesis n. Gr. allos, other syndesis, a binding together In polyploids, pairing of completely or partially homologous chromosomes that were introduced into the zygote by the same gamete at fertilization. see autosyndesis. allotetraploid n. Gr. allos, other tetraploos, fourfold eidos, form A tetraploid produced when a hybrid derived from a genetically different parent doubles its chromosome number amphidiploid. allotherm n. Gr. allos, other therme, heat Any organism dependent on...

Preface SpaceElevator

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 14:08:05 GMT

Space tethers. Unlike space rockets and space probes, it is not a topic many people are familiar with. You may wonder what tethers have to do with space, or what they would be doing there. You may also wonder why it would be interesting to read a book about them. On Earth, tethers, otherwise known as ropes or lines, are used primarily to bind things together and for climbing and pulling things up. Rock climbers and bungee jumpers use tethers, most elevators are based on them, and even people...

The Phage Display Concept ProteinDesign

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 13:50:30 GMT

Phage display technology provides an in vitro version of classical Darwinian evolution by establishing a physical linkage between a polypeptide and the encoding genetic information. By mutating DNA encoding for a displayed polypeptide, it is possible to generate a multitude of related variants. This library of variants can be displayed on the surfaces of phage particles, while the DNA encoding for each variant is encased in the phage capsid Figure 1.1 . Consequently, the technology allows for...

334 Heterostraci Late Cretaceous 3

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 05:03:06 GMT

The heterostracans, a large group of some 300 species, radiated extensively in the Silurian and Early Devonian. Their head shields vary tremendously in shape among different species, and they are distinguished from the astraspids and arandaspids by having a single exhalant opening on each side into which the gills open. Heteros-tracans all have in common a broad ornamented plate on top, one or more plates on either side of this, and a large element covering the underside Halstead, 1973 Blieck,...

Data Sets PrimateOrigins

Sat, 11 Feb 2012 23:02:03 GMT

The synthetic treatment of very large data sets by Simmons 1993 and Silcox 2001 is very interesting. Simmons searched for all possible morphological characters studied in the literature, established in 10 presumably mono-phyletic units Scandentia, Strepsirhini, Tarsiiformes, Anthropoidea, Galeopithecidae, Megachiroptera, Microchiroptera, Plesiadapidae, Paromomyidae, and Micromomyidae . The most striking result of her analysis is that, in partitioning the data set into six different subsets...