Introduction to Paleobotany
How Fossil Plants are Formed 1
What Is Paleobotany? 1
The Objectives of Paleobotany 2
Reconstructing the Plants 2
Evolution of Plant Groups 3
Form and Function in Fossil Plants 4
Biostratigraphy and Correlation 4
Paleoecology: Plants in Their Environment 5
Determining Paleoclimate from Fossil Plants 6
Tree Rings 6
Nearest Living Relative 6
Leaf Physiognomy 7
Stomatal Index 7
Summary 7 Preservation: How Plant Fossils are Formed and
Preserved 8
Depositional Environments of Fossil Plants 8
Compressions 10
Cuticle 13
Biofilms and Plant Fossil Preservation 16
Electron Microscopy 17
Confocal Microscopy 17
Maceration and Dégagement 17
Other Techniques 18
Coal and Charcoal 18
Impressions 21
Molds and Casts 22
Cellular Preservation 23
Permineralization 25
Peel Technique 25
Coal Balls 27
Other Permineralizations 29
Petrifaction 30
Unaltered Plant Material 30
Chemical Fossils 32
Ancient DNA 33
Mummification 33
Amber 33
Summary Discussion 34
Palynology 34
Geochronology and Biostratigraphy 36
Paleoecology 37
Absolute Dating 38
Geologic Timescale 39
Biological Correlation 40
Systematics and Classification 40
Nomenclature of Fossil Plants 41
Classification of Organisms 42
Background Reading 42
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